A standard door entry system works on 5 wires as follows
1) Common
2) RX (receive speech)
3) TX (transmit speech)
4) Call ( buzzer)
5) Lock release
The amplifier for the speech is in the outside station. A power supply to drop the voltage to around 9V DC is normally inside and connects to the outside station. Some units have both AC & DC power.
When a button is pressed outside it connects to 4) in what ever phone was called. The occupied lifts the handset and their speech travels down 3) to the amp. The callers speech travels up to 2). If the occupier presses the lock release button this connects the voltage on the common terminal to 5) which is connected to the lock on the door.
This is a standard arrangement which covers most applications, however more electronics are being used and 2 wire bus systems are getting popular on bigger jobs. Also video is being used more.